ENGLISH ADVANCE 2

USE OF ALREADY,YET,FOR AND SINCE IN PRESENT PERFECT Using the present perfect, we can define a period of time before now by considering its  duration,  with  for +  a period of time,  or by considering its  starting point , with  since +  a point in time . FOR and SINCE can also both be used with the past perfect. SINCE can only be used with perfect tenses. FOR can also be used with the simple past. FOR + A PERIOD OF TIME for  six years,  for  a week,  for  a month,  for  hours,  for  two hours I have worked here  for  five years. SINCE + A POINT IN TIME since  this morning,  since  last week,  since  yesterday since  I was a child,  since  Wednesday,  since  2 o'clock I have worked here  since  1990. PRESENT PERFECT WITH FOR She has lived here  for  twenty years. We have taught at this school  for  a long time. Alice has been married  for three months. They have been at the hotel  for  a week. PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE She has lived here  since  1980.

 PAST PROGRESSIVE 1. Use of the  Past Progressive 1.1. actions were in progress at a special time in the past Peter  was   read ing  a book yesterday evening. 1.2. two actions were happening at the same time (the actions do not influence each other) Anne  was   writ ing  a letter while Steve  was   read ing the New York Times. 1.3. together with  Simple Past While we  were   sit t ing  at the breakfast table, the telephone  rang . 1.4. repeated actions irritating the speaker (with  always ,  constantly ,  forever ) Andrew  was  always  com ing  late. 2. Signal words while 3. Form to  be (was, were)  +  infinitive  +  -ing 4. Examples 4.1. Affirmative sentences in the  Past Progressive Long forms Contracted forms I  was   play ing  football. not possible You  were   play ing football. He  was   play ing  football. 4.2. Negative sentences in the  Past Progressive Long forms Contracted forms I  was   not   play ing football. I  was n't

ACTIVE AND PASIVE Transitive verbs  have both  active  and  passive  forms: active   passive The hunter killed the lion. >> The lion was killed by the hunter. Someone has cleaned the windows >> The windows have been cleaned The passive forms are made up of the verb  be  with a  past participle :   be past participle   English is spoken all over the world The windows have been cleaned   Lunch was being served   The work will be finished soon They might have been invited to the party We sometimes use the verb  get  to form the passive: Be careful with the glass. It might  get  broken. Peter  got  hurt in a crash. If we want to show the person or thing doing the action we use  by : She was attacked  by  a dangerous dog. The money was stolen  by  her husband. We can use the  indirect object  as the subject of a passive verb: active   passive I gave him a book for his birthday >> He was given a book for his birthday. Someone sent he

Adjectives and Adverbs Definitions An  adjective  is a word or set of words that  modifies  (i.e., describes) a noun or pronoun. Adjectives may come before the word they modify. Examples: That is a  cute  puppy. She likes a  high school  senior. Adjectives may also follow the word they modify: Examples: That puppy looks  cute. The technology is  state-of-the-art. An  adverb  is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Adverbs answer  how ,  when ,  where ,  why , or  to what extent — how often  or  how much  (e.g.,  daily ,  completely ). Examples: He speaks  slowly  (tells  how ) He speaks  very  slowly  (the adverb  very  tells  how  slowly) She arrived  today  (tells  when ) She will arrive  in an hour  (this adverb phrase tells  when ) Let's go  outside  (tells  where ) We looked  in the basement  (this adverb phrase tells  where ) Bernie left  to avoid trouble  (this adverb phrase tells  why ) Jorge works out  strenu

Indirect questions If we do not begin a question directly, but begin it with something like:  Can you tell me…? Do you know…? I wonder if…?  The word order is the same as in an affirmative statement. Direct question: What  is he  doing? Indirect question: Do you know what  he is  doing? Direct question: Where  have they  been? Indirect question: I wonder where  they have  been? If the direct question contains the auxiliary DO, we omit it in the indirect question. Direct question: What  do you  want? Indirect question: Can you tell me what  you  want? Direct question: When  did she  leave? Indirect question: Do you know when  she  left? In yes/no questions,  if  or  whether  is used. The word order is the same as in  reported questions . Direct question:  Have you  seen my dog? Indirect question: Could you tell me  if you have seen  my dog?

Can - Could Both  Can  and  Could  are Modal Verbs. In general  Could  is considered more polite (or formal) that  Can . CAN The three main uses of  Can  are: 1) ability 2) possibility and 3) permission. However there are some other used of  Can as we will see below. 1. To express ability Can  means to be (physically) able to do something OR to know how to do something. Birds  can  fly. Elephants  can't  fly. I  can  speak two languages. 2. To express a possibility (in general) This refers to a theoretical possibility. Note: we don't use  can  to talk about future possibilities. For this you would use  may or might . It  can  get cold there at night so take a jacket. I know you  can  win the competition. Well, I think your car  can  be repaired, but it's not going to be cheap. 3. To offer to do something for others Can is used when you offer to help someone or to do something for them. You don't need to walk home. I  can  take you th

PRESENT PERFECT DEFINITION OF THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE The present perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is  before now but not specified , and we are often more interested in the  result  than in the action itself. THE PRESENT PERFECT IS USED TO DESCRIBE: An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present.  I  have lived  in Bristol since 1984  (= and I still do.) An action performed during a period that has not yet finished.  She  has been  to the cinema twice this week  (= and the week isn't over yet.) A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now.  We  have visited  Portugal several times. An action that was completed in the very recent past, expressed by 'just'.  I  have just finished  my work. An action when the time is not important.  He  has read  'War and Peace'.  (= the result of his reading is important) Note:  When we want to give